CORONAVIRUS COVID-19 AND PREGNANCY: Q&A

CORONAVIRUS COVID-19 AND PREGNANCY: Q&A

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) that was first reported from Wuhan, China, on 31 December 2019. By today, there are 97,993 confirmed cases has been reported with over 3381 death from over 87 countries. Most country has issue an alert to stop their citizen from travelling to countries effected especially China to prevent an outbreak.

As a pregnant mother, here are Q&A about Coronavirus and pregnancy taken from Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Pregnant women

Q: Are pregnant women more susceptible to infection, or at increased risk for severe illness, morbidity, or mortality with COVID-19, compared with the general public?

A: We do not have information from published scientific reports about susceptibility of pregnant women to COVID-19. Pregnant women experience immunologic and physiologic changes which might make them more susceptible to viral respiratory infections, including COVID-19. Pregnant women also might be at risk for severe illness, morbidity, or mortality compared to the general population as observed in cases of other related coronavirus infections [including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)] and other viral respiratory infections, such as influenza, during pregnancy.

Though person-to-person spread of the virus that causes COVID-19 has been observed in the United States among close contacts, this virus is not currently spreading among persons in the community in the United States and the immediate risk to the general public is low. Pregnant women should engage in usual preventive actions to avoid infection like washing hands often and avoiding people who are sick.

Q: Are pregnant women with COVID-19 at increased risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes?

A: We do not have information on adverse pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women with COVID-19. Pregnancy loss, including miscarriage and stillbirth, has been observed in cases of infection with other related coronaviruses [SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV] during pregnancy. High fevers during the first trimester of pregnancy can increase the risk of certain birth defects.

Q: Are pregnant healthcare personnel at increased risk for adverse outcomes if they care for patients with COVID-19?

A: Pregnant healthcare personnel (HCP) should follow risk assessment and infection control guidelines for HCP exposed to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19. Adherence to recommended infection prevention and control practices is an important part of protecting all HCP in healthcare settings. Information on COVID-19 in pregnancy is very limited; facilities may want to consider limiting exposure of pregnant HCP to patients with confirmed or suspected COVID-19, especially during higher risk procedures (e.g., aerosol-generating procedures) if feasible based on staffing availability.

Transmission during pregnancy or during delivery

Q: Can pregnant women with COVID-19 pass the virus to their fetus or newborn (i.e. vertical transmission)?

A: The virus that causes COVID-19 is thought to spread mainly by close contact with an infected person through respiratory droplets. Whether a pregnant woman with COVID-19 can transmit the virus that causes COVID-19 to her fetus or neonate by other routes of vertical transmission (before, during, or after delivery) is still unknown. However, in limited recent case series of infants born to mothers with COVID-19 published in the peer-reviewed literature, none of the infants have tested positive for the virus that causes COVID-19. Additionally, virus was not detected in samples of amniotic fluid or breastmilk.

Limited information is available about vertical transmission for other coronaviruses (MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV) but vertical transmission has not been reported for these infections.

Infants

Q: Are infants born to mothers with COVID-19 during pregnancy at increased risk for adverse outcomes?

A: Based on limited case reports, adverse infant outcomes (e.g., preterm birth) have been reported among infants born to mothers positive for COVID-19 during pregnancy. However, it is not clear that these outcomes were related to maternal infection, and at this time the risk of adverse infant outcomes is not known. Given the limited data available related to COVID-19 during pregnancy, knowledge of adverse outcomes from other respiratory viral infections may provide some information. For example, other respiratory viral infections during pregnancy, such as influenza, have been associated with adverse neonatal outcomes, including low birth weight and preterm birth. Additionally, having a cold or influenza with high fever early in pregnancy may increase the risk of certain birth defects. Infants have been born preterm and/or small for gestational age to mothers with other coronavirus infections, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, during pregnancy.

Q: Is there a risk that COVID-19 in a pregnant woman or neonate could have long-term effects on infant health and development that may require clinical support beyond infancy?

A: At this time, there is no information on long-term health effects on infants either with COVID-19, or those exposed to the virus that causes COVID-19 in utero. In general, prematurity and low birth weight are associated with adverse long-term health effects.

Transmission through breast milk

Q: Is maternal illness with COVID-19 during lactation associated with potential risk to a breastfeeding infant?

A: Human-to-human transmission by close contact with a person with confirmed COVID-19 has been reported and is thought to occur mainly via respiratory droplets produced when a person with infection coughs or sneezes.

In limited case series reported to date, no evidence of virus has been found in the breast milk of women with COVID-19. No information is available on the transmission of the virus that causes COVID-19 through breast milk (i.e., whether infectious virus is present in the breast milk of an infected woman).

In limited reports of lactating women infected with SARS-CoV, virus has not been detected in breast milk; however, antibodies against SARS-CoV were detected in at least one sample.

[Source]

CONCERN ABOUT SEX DURING PREGNANCY

CONCERN ABOUT SEX DURING PREGNANCY

sex is a number of the top most exciting activities practiced by way of couples. Why must this be any unique all through the 9 months of being pregnant? Many awaiting parents have concerns about having intercourse throughout being pregnant. Every body considering it'll undoubtedly have many questions. With a bit of luck those solutions can help to put you and your accomplice secure. Is it safe for the infant? In a regular, low-threat being pregnant, sex at some stage in pregnancy will not harm the baby. The fetus is protected by way of the amniotic sac (a thin-walled bag that holds the fetus and surrounding fluid) and via the sturdy muscles across the uterus. There is additionally a thick mucus plug that seals the cervix and facilitates guard in opposition to contamination. While is it not secure? It's miles unsafe in high-threat pregnancies. A few cases where you should not have intercourse at some stage in being pregnant are:

* when you have a records or hazard of miscarriage
* when you have a records or signs indicating the chance of pre-term exertions
* a couple of fetus (twins, triplets, and so forth.)
* unexplained vaginal bleeding, discharge, or cramping
* placenta previa (a situation in which the placenta is situated so low that it covers the cervix)
* leakage of amniotic fluid
* ncompetent cervix (a condition in which the cervix is weakened and dilates prematurely elevating the danger of miscarriage or untimely transport)

if any of these cases follow to you, or if you are at all unsure, consult your health practitioner before accomplishing sex for the duration of being pregnant. Can the baby feel it? Some parents may additionally have concerns approximately disturbing the unborn toddler by having sex for the duration of being pregnant. Rest confident, the cervix is protected by way of a thick mucus plug; the penis will no longer come into contact with the fetus. The child can also thrash around a chunk after orgasm, however this is really because of the mother's pounding heart, and not because the baby is feeling discomfort or even is aware of what's happening. Can intercourse for the duration of pregnancy or orgasm motive miscarriage or untimely beginning? It should now not cause miscarriage or premature beginning in ordinary low-chance pregnancies. The contractions felt in the course of orgasm are completely distinct from the contractions associated with exertions. Some medical doctors suggest, although, that all mothers discontinue sex in the course of the very last weeks of being pregnant. There's a chemical in semen that is believed to stimulate contractions. Is it ordinary for my preference for intercourse for the duration of pregnancy to fluctuate? It is flawlessly regular for sex pressure to increase and reduce all through being pregnant. Signs and symptoms consisting of nausea, fatigue, breast tenderness, and the multiplied want to urinate could make sex throughout being pregnant bothersome, specifically in the course of the first trimester. A number of those symptoms subside during the second one trimester, which may additionally bring about a heightened sex power. Increased blood waft to the pelvic location can reason engorgement of the genitals and heighten sensation. This equal engorgement, although, can depart a few moms with an uncomfortable feeling of fullness after sex. The quantity of vaginal discharge or moistness may also increase, that can either make intercourse in the course of being pregnant more pleasant, or purpose irritation. In the case of a unexpected trade in the quantity of discharge, or a bad or unusual odor, consult your physician. Many couples find that sex is more gratifying with the delivered freedom from worries about birth control and a unique new feeling of closeness. Which positions are maximum favorable? You'll find out that because the mom's stomach swells, locating at ease positions for intercourse at some point of being pregnant would require greater exciting maneuvers. Mother might also discover that mendacity on her back turns into less and less secure as the being pregnant progresses, and the load of the baby can restriction movement.

* lie sideways. Having the man on top turns into increasingly more difficult as the child grows.
* use the edge of the mattress. The mother can lay on her back with her ft and rear on the threshold of the mattress, and the person kneeling or standing in the front.
* lie aspect-through-aspect within the spoon position. This will allow for simplest shallow penetration. Deep thrust can end up uncomfortable as the months bypass.
* have the female on pinnacle. This lets in her to control the intensity of penetration and could positioned no brought weight on her abdo

men. Oral intercourse during being pregnant can be an splendid opportunity in conditions wherein intercourse isn't always endorsed. It's miles secure, as long as you are in a monogamous relationship, in which each partners were tested and are hiv-poor. The maximum crucial thing is that you talk together with your companion. Test with distinctive techniques, revel in yourselves and try to maintain a sense of humor. Intercourse all through pregnancy can nevertheless be considered one of your favorite sports.

STRESS DURING PREGNANCY

PREGNANCY STRESS

strain remedy for the duration of pregnancy in case you absolutely want to make certain a superb being pregnant, you need to paintings on retaining a healthful and high quality physical, mental and spiritual state. There is sizable proof which shows that a mom’s bodily and mental wellbeing at some point of pregnancy can affect no longer most effective the final results in their pregnancy but the properly being in their infant later in existence. You courting with your infant begins in the intervening time of conception. There are many matters apart from physical factors that may impact your being pregnant. Strain is one of the greater common problems many pregnant moms face at some point for the duration of their being pregnant. While pressure in and of itself isn’t always terrible, extended stress can be detrimental to a being pregnant. The majority accomplice strain this is dangerous all through being pregnant with physical labor. However, emotional pressure can be just as destructive. Stress absolutely causes sure hormones inside the frame to be produced, and some scientists have advised that those hormones can promote miscarriage or even bring forth pre-term hard work. The nice skinny you may to do to make certain the nicely being of your baby is to limit each physical and emotional pressure as a good deal as feasible. Here are a few pressure reducing hints you can interact in at some point of your pregnancy to sell a satisfied and wholesome outcome:

receive the reality which you are pregnant. A few girls stress due to the fact they thrive on running a completely stressful schedule, and try to keep to accomplish that all through their being pregnant. In some unspecified time in the future or any other but your being pregnant will capture up with you, and you will want to sluggish down a bit bit. Instead of see that is as a burden, don't forget this a brilliant time to put together yourself for the life you are approximately to convey into the world. Take the time to pamper your self a bit and give yourself extra time for relaxation and rest for the duration of the week. This could be time that you spend just with yourself and your infant, while not having to percentage with the world around you. Surrender some manage. Having a baby adjustments everything. In case you are the type of character that likes to be on top of things, remember the fact that there are many matters related to being pregnant and infant elevating in an effort to be from your control. You gained’t for example be able to sail via being pregnant with none aches and pains (unless you're enormously lucky) but you could paintings to decrease them. You could have other signs which includes fatigue and nausea that don’t leave. Some ladies should pass on mattress relaxation throughout pregnancy. Certainly recognizing however that a few matters are not under your manipulate will assist you get a higher grip in your pregnancy and arm you to face the challenges that lie in advance. Expect the sudden. You just never understand what is going to occur whilst you are pregnant. Your child as an example, may decide to return some weeks early. You may find that halfway through your pregnancy your medical doctor recommends bed rest. In case you put together for the sudden in advance of time however, while it occurs it gained’t appear like this kind of undertaking and you may be better organized to handle it. Hold near ties with friends, circle of relatives and cherished ones. Pregnancy is an emotional time. The greater people you have round you to lean on, the much less possibly you may be to feel stressed. Be given help. Allow people understand while you may use a hand. You don’t need to manage the entirety alone for the duration of being pregnant. If human beings offer that will help you out and relieve some of the burden you are dealing with, be glad that there are humans round you that love you sufficient to help out. Any other critical factor to do not forget for the duration of pregnancy is communication. It is particularly essential that you preserve the lines of communication open together with your associate at some point of being pregnant. Remember the fact that pregnancy is a totally emotional time, and many girls act in ways they could no longer more often than not for the duration of their being pregnant. Don’t expect that your partner is a mind reader. This assumption has negatively impacted many relationships. When you have issues, tension, experience sad or are even irritated, make certain you proportion your emotions with your loved ones. Let human beings recognise what you are experiencing bodily and emotionally and the way it is affecting you. This can assist them apprehend where you're coming from, and could assist them research the first-class manner that will help you throughout your being pregnant. In case you haven’t considered a prenatal rubdown already, you need to for the duration of your pregnancy. Prenatal rub down may be especially useful all through the 1/3 trimester while your frame is feeling confused via the heavy load it's far sporting. There are numerous certified practitioners that provide prenatal rubdown in medical workplaces, chiropractic places of work and even in conventional spa settings.

TEEN PREGNANCY PROBLEMS AND ISSUES

TEEN PREGNANCY PROBLEMS AND ISSUES

Being pregnant is one of the pivotal moments of a female's existence however now not whilst you’re younger with a shiny destiny ahead. Teenager being pregnant is one of the maximum hard experiences any young female can go through. The pressure of being pregnant, revelation of being pregnant to dad and mom, and shifting on no matter the disgrace and worry can be traumatic. Certainly being pregnant mainly throughout youngster hood will never be easy.

In keeping with research, teenage pregnancies inside the america have reduced gradually through the years. In 1991, there had been 60 out of a thousand younger girls who gave birth and in 1998, 51 out of 1000 gave start. This lower may be due to the effective use of beginning manage and reduced sexual pastime amongst teens.

But teenager being pregnant charges stay high. In line with women’s health channel, inside the america by myself, about 1 million teenage women enjoy being pregnant every yr. As a minimum 5 f young women give delivery and in 1997, at the least 13 f the births in the us are of adlescent women. ?? Health risks to the toddler and kids out of youngster being pregnant are more likely to experience health, social, and emotional issues. An accelerated danger for headaches along with premature hard work in teenager pregnancy and socioeconomic effects are gift.

However there are extra critical issues for the teenage moms-to-be than the records and the way the world views them both negatively or positively. Each the infant and the mom are at threat in fundamental regions of existence which includes college failure, poverty, and physical or intellectual contamination.

Pregnant teens won't are seeking for proper hospital treatment that can cause a bigger threat of medical headaches. Of their being pregnant, they need expertise, medical care, and schooling – especially in nutrients and complications of pregnancy.

Pregnancy to young adults brings all kinds of feelings. Some do now not want their babies whilst others sense that its advent is an achievement. A few experience guilty and nerve-racking while others feel that they want to baby to love but no longer aware about the unique care it might need. Also, despair is common at some stage in pregnancy in teens. And whilst worse involves worst, a pregnant teen may additionally even require the assist of a mental fitness professional.

Youngster pregnancy can be unstable to unborn babies. Teen being pregnant outcomes to underweight toddlers, bad consuming behavior of the teenager, and smoking and drinking dispositions of the pregnant female. Finally, pregnant teenagers are much less probable to are seeking for prenatal care.

Unwanted pregnancy may be prevented via open verbal exchange and presenting steering concerning sexuality, contraception, and dangers and duties of viable pregnancy. Sexual training and circle of relatives life in colleges also can prevent unwanted pregnancies. Ultimately, guide of family and love will significantly help pregnant young adults.